Resources and Literature Landscape and Democracy

A: Landscape and Democracy - Mapping the Terrain

Policy frameworks, laws and resolutions

United Nations

• The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters

Council of Europe

• The European Landscape Convention
• Presentation of the report Landscape and democracy: prospects by Yves Luginbühl for the Council of Europe

European Union (Parliament and Council)

• Directive on public access to environmental information
• Directive providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment
• Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive
• Water Framework Directive

International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA-Europe)

• Landscape Democracy Resolution

European Council of Spatial Planners

• European Charter on Participatory Democracy (under consultation)

Landscape Concepts

• Antrop, Marc; Kühne, Olaf (2015) Concepts of Landscape, in: Landscape Culture - Culturing Landscapes. The Differentiated Construction of Landscapes (Bruns, Kühne, Schönwald, Theile ed.)

• Burckhardt, Lucius (1979): Why is landscape beautiful? in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)

• Cosgrove, Denis (2004): Landscape and Landschaft. Lecture delivered at the “Spatial Turn in History” Symposium, German Historical Institute, February 19, 2004.

• Cosgrove, Denis. (1985): Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea. In: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1985),pp. 45-62. Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

• Kucan, Ana (2007). Constructing Landscape Conceptions. In: ECLAS (ed.). JoLA spring 2007, 30-41. Munich: Callwey.

• Jackson, John Brinckerhoff (1980): "By way of conclusion. How to study the landscape" In: The necessity for ruins, and other topics, 113-126. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

• Lynch, Kevin. (1960): The Image of the City, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

• Meinig, D. W. (1979): "The Beholding Eye: Ten Versions of the Same Scene." In: The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, edited by D. W. Meinig and John Brinckerhoff Jackson, 33-48. New York: Oxford University Press.

• Meinig, D.W. (1979): "Reading the landscape. An appreciation of W.G. Hoskins and J-B. Jackson." In: The Interpretation of ordinary landscapes: Geographical essays, edited by D. W. Meinig and John Brinckerhoff Jackson, 195-237. New York: Oxford University Press.

• Olwig, Kenneth R. (1996): "Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape" In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 86 (4), pp. 630-653. Cambridge/Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

• Sieverts, Thomas (2003): Cities without cities. An interpretation of the Zwischenstadt. English language ed. London: Spon Press.

B: Concepts of Participation

Required readings and resources for April 28th:

• Arnstein, Sherry R.(1969): A Ladder of Citizen Participation, JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4
• Hester, Randolph (1999): A Refrain with a View, UC Berkeley
• Hester, Randolph (2005): Whose Politics, Landscape Architecture
• Sanoff, Henry (2014): Multiple Views of Participatory Design, Focus
• Davis, Mike (1990): Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space, From: City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles
• Gaventa, John: The Powerful, the Powerless, and the Experts
• Hester, Randolph (2012): Evaluating Community Design, Landscape Journal
• Day, Christopher (2002): Consensus Design, Architectural Press

Required readings and resources for May 5th:

• Furco, Andrew (1996): Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Burckhardt, Lucius (1957): Urban Planning and Democracy in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)
• Burckhardt, Lucius (1974): Who plans the planning? in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)
• David, Harvey (2003): The Right to the City, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 939–941
• Freire, Paulo (2000): Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Continuum
• Park, Peter: What Is Participatory Research? A Theoretical and Methodological Perspective
• Selle, Klaus (1994): Was ist bloß mit der Planung los? Erkundungen auf dem Weg zum kooperativen Handeln.(GERMAN, not open access)
• LIFEscape Handbook on Participative Landscape Planning
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Fairness, The MIT Press

C: Community and Identity

Required readings and resources for May 12th:

• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy, The MIT Press
• Spirn, Anne (2005): Restoring Mill Creek
• Welk Von Mossner, Alexa (2014): Cinematic Landscapes, In: Topos, No. 88, 2014.
• Gafford, Farrah D. (2013): It Was a Real Village: Community Identity Formation Among Black Middle-Class Residents in Pontchartrain Park, Journal of Urban History 39:36
• Woodend, Lorayne (2013): A Study into the Practice of Machizukuri, RTPI

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Girling, Cynthia (2006): Informing Design Charrettes, The Integrated Assessment Journal
• Nassauer, Joan Iverson (1995): Culture and Changing Landscape Structure, Landscape Ecology, vol. 10 no. 4.
• SEISMIC project, An urban research and innovation project across 10 European countries
• URBACT programme, The European Territorial Cooperation programme aiming to foster sustainable integrated urban development across Europe
• CBS, Community-Built Association of the U.S.
• Francis, Mark: A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Sacredness, The MIT Press

D: The Design Process

Required readings and resources for May 26th:

• Hester, Randolph: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Sustainable Happiness
• Kot, Douglas and Ruggeri, Deni: Westport Case Study
• Hester, Randolph: Democratic Drawing - Techniques for Participatory Design
• Smith, Nicola Dawn(2012): Design Charrette: A Vehicle for Consultation or Collaboration
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2013): Places in the Making: How Placemaking Builds Places and Communities

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Ruggeri, Deni (2004): Crafting Westport, Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California, Berkeley , CA (co-author)
• Woodcraft, Saffron, et al.: Design for Social Sustainability: A Framework for Creating Thriving New Communities
• Salgado, Mariana, et al. (2015): Designing with Immigrants
• Hussain, Sofia, et al. (2012): Participatory Design with Marginalized People in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunties Experienced in a Field Study in Cambodia, International Journal of Design, Vol. 6, No. 2
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Everyday Future, The MIT Press
• Pritzker Prize winning architect Alejandro Aravena on sustainable design and community involvement in Chile
• D’hondt, Frank (2014): Better Cities for Kosovo: Visioning as Participatory Planning Tool,UN-Habitat report
• Vall, N. (2013): Social engineering and participation in Anglo-Swedish housing 1945–1976: Ralph Erskine's vernacular plan, Planning Perspectives, 28(2), 223-245
• Sanoff, Henry (2010): Democratic Design - Library access only.
• Sanoff, Henry (1999): Community participation methods in design and planning - Library access only.

E: Communication

• Storytelling example from the Scottish Islands

• Online decision making with loomio

• 'Reading the Landscape' by Simon Bell, EMU Tartu