Resources and Literature Landscape and Democracy

General: Materials and Recordings

• LED2LEAP 2021 Materials and Recordings (open access)
• LED2LEAP 2020 Materials and Recordings (open access)
• LED 2019 Materials and Recordings (open access)
• LED 2018 Materials and Recordings (open access)
• LED 2017 Materials and Recordings (open access)
• LED 2016 Materials and Recordings (open access)

Phase A: Democratic Landscape Transformation - Conceptual Community Mapping

Key Readings

• Schneidewind, Uwe et al (2016): Pledge for a Transformative Science - A conceptual framework
• Council of Europe (2000):The European Landscape Convention
• Landscape Convention Contribution to human rights, democracy and sustainable development (Council of Europe, 2018)
• Editors Shelley Egoz, Karsten Jørgensen, Deni Ruggeri (2018): Defining Landscape Democracy (introductory chapter)
• LED Team (2019):Landscape Education for Democracy (Chapters 1-3, InBo Special Issue)
• Kühne, Olaf (2015): Landscape Concepts
• Kühne, Bruns et al: Landscape Culture - Culturing Landscapes
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy
• Wilson, Barbara (2020): Disorientation as a Learning Objective

Further Readings

POLICY FRAMEWORKS, LAWS & RESOLUTIONS

United Nations

• The New Urban Agenda Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All, UN resolution from December 2016
• The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters

European Union (Parliament and Council)

• Directive on public access to environmental information
• Directive providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment
• Policy Review: Past, present and future of democracy, 2019

International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA-Europe)

• Landscape Democracy Resolution

European Council of Spatial Planners

• European Charter on Participatory Democracy in Spatial Planning Processes

DEMOCRATIC LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION

• Shelley Egoz, Jala Makhzoumi and Gloria Pungetti (2011): The Right to Landscape: An Introduction, in: The Right to Landscape: Contesting Landscape and Human Rights
• The Just City Essays - 26 Visions for Urban Equity, Inclusion and Opportunity
• Jean McNiff (2002): Action Research for Professional Development - Concise advise for new action researchers
• John Kania & Mark Kramer (2011): Collective Impact, Stanford Social Innovation Review
• Rittel, Webber (1973): Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning
• Merlijn van Hulst (2012): Storytelling, a model of and a model for planning

LANDSCAPE CONCEPTS

Accompanying lecture reading: Bruns/Bartolomei, 2016 'Concepts of Landscape'

• Antrop, Marc; Kühne, Olaf (2015) Concepts of Landscape, in: Landscape Culture - Culturing Landscapes. The Differentiated Construction of Landscapes (Bruns, Kühne, Schönwald, Theile ed.)
• Burckhardt, Lucius (1979): Why is landscape beautiful? in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)
• Kucan, Ana (2007). Constructing Landscape Conceptions. In: ECLAS (ed.). JoLA spring 2007, 30-41. Munich: Callwey.
• Jackson, John Brinckerhoff (1980): "By way of conclusion. How to study the landscape" In: The necessity for ruins, and other topics, 113-126. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
• Meinig, D. W. (1979): "The Beholding Eye: Ten Versions of the Same Scene." In: The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, edited by D. W. Meinig and John Brinckerhoff Jackson, 33-48. New York: Oxford University Press.

Phase B: Democratic Landscape Analysis

Key Readings

• Angotti,Tom; Doble,Cheryl; Horrigan; Paula: At the boundaries: The Shifting Sites of Service-Learning in Design and Planning
• Cooke, Bill et al: The case of participation as a tyranny
• de la Pena, David et al: Design as Democracy (Techniques Part)
• Ganz, Marshall: Leading Change: Leadership, Organization, and Social Movements
• Hester, Randy: Labors of Love in the Public Landscape
• Landscape Democracy Tool Box (status April 2020)

Phase C: Collaborative Visioning

Key Readings

• UN Habitat: Visioning as Participatory Planning Tool
• Apel, Heino (2004): The Future Workshop
• Ruggeri, Deni (2004): Crafting Westport, Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California, Berkeley , CA (co-author)
• N Harvey, CA Holmes et al: Nominal group technique: An effective method for obtaining group consensus
• Dunham, Randall: Nominal Group Technique: A User's Guide
• Vidal, R.V.V. (2005) The Future Workshop: Democratic Problem Solving [Technical Report], Denmark: Technological University of Denmark

Further Readings

• André L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven: A Group Process Model for Problem Identification and Program Planning. In: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1971
• Jungk, R, & Müllert, N. (1987). Future workshops: How to create desirable futures. London: Institute for Social Inventions.
• Landscape Democracy Tool Box (status April 2020)

Phase D: Collaborative Design, Transformation and Testing

Key Readings

Prototypes

• Probes, Toolkits and Prototypes: Three Approaches to Making in Co-designing CoDesign, 2014 Vol. 10, No. 1, 5–14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15710882.2014.888183

• Histories and Futures of Research through Design: From Prototypes to Connected Things. http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/3192/875

• Probes and prototypes: a participatory action research approach to codesign. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2014.881884

• Bedö, V. (2019). Rapid Street Game Design: Prototyping Laboratory for Urban Change. In M. d. Lange & M. d. Waal (Eds.), The hackable city : digital media and collaborative city-making in the network society(pp. 51-65). Singapore: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-2694-3_3

Ethics of Prototyping

• Ethics by Design. Exploring Experiences of Harmony and Dissonance in Ethical Practice. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14606925.2019.1595428?needAccess=true

• Towards Ethical Principles for Participatory Design Practice https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15710882.2018.1502324

• Ethics for Design - online documentary (50min) https://ethicsfordesign.com/player?lang=en

Further Readings

• André L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven: A Group Process Model for Problem Identification and Program Planning. In: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1971

• Protype bank from our lecture: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1CvDpH6GKHo9srs3V1p7aiZqRaS94Bm2Qw6YQ9dUzr7g/edit?usp=sharing
• Three prototyping exercise from ideo: https://acumenacademy.org/blog/3-prototyping-exercises-get-unstuck-ideo
• Applying Prototyping in Landscape Design: https://ldvalidate.wordpress.com/2010/07/06/applying-prototyping-in-landscape-design/
• Public space prototypes: https://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Meetings_and_Events/2015_Annual_Meeting_Handouts/MON-D08_Public%20Space%20Prototypes.pdf
• Tactical urbanism: https://ahbelab.com/2017/11/16/from-prototype-to-permanent-tactical-urbanism-in-landscape-architecture/
• Type in your browser: Urban Prototyping Festival San Francisco

Concepts of Participation

• Arnstein, Sherry R.(1969): A Ladder of Citizen Participation, JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4
• Hester, Randolph (1999): A Refrain with a View, UC Berkeley
• Hester, Randolph (2005): Whose Politics, Landscape Architecture
• Sanoff, Henry (2014): Multiple Views of Participatory Design, Focus
• Davis, Mike (1990): Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Urban Space, From: City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles
• Gaventa, John: The Powerful, the Powerless, and the Experts
• Hester, Randolph (2012): Evaluating Community Design, Landscape Journal
• Day, Christopher (2002): Consensus Design, Architectural Press
• Furco, Andrew (1996): Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Burckhardt, Lucius (1957): Urban Planning and Democracy in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)
• Burckhardt, Lucius (1974): Who plans the planning? in: Fezer/Schmitz (Eds.) Rethinking Man-made Environments (2012)
• David, Harvey (2003): The Right to the City, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 939–941
• Freire, Paulo (2000): Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Continuum
• Park, Peter: What Is Participatory Research? A Theoretical and Methodological Perspective
• Selle, Klaus (1994): Was ist bloß mit der Planung los? Erkundungen auf dem Weg zum kooperativen Handeln.(GERMAN, not open access)
• LIFEscape Handbook on Participative Landscape Planning
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Fairness, The MIT Press

Community and Identity

• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy, The MIT Press
• Spirn, Anne (2005): Restoring Mill Creek
• Welk Von Mossner, Alexa (2014): Cinematic Landscapes, In: Topos, No. 88, 2014.
• Gafford, Farrah D. (2013): It Was a Real Village: Community Identity Formation Among Black Middle-Class Residents in Pontchartrain Park, Journal of Urban History 39:36
• Woodend, Lorayne (2013): A Study into the Practice of Machizukuri, RTPI

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Girling, Cynthia (2006): Informing Design Charrettes, The Integrated Assessment Journal
• Nassauer, Joan Iverson (1995): Culture and Changing Landscape Structure, Landscape Ecology, vol. 10 no. 4.
• SEISMIC project, An urban research and innovation project across 10 European countries
• URBACT programme, The European Territorial Cooperation programme aiming to foster sustainable integrated urban development across Europe
• CBS, Community-Built Association of the U.S.
• Francis, Mark: A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Sacredness, The MIT Press

Designing

• Hester, Randolph: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Sustainable Happiness
• Kot, Douglas and Ruggeri, Deni: Westport Case Study
• Hester, Randolph: Democratic Drawing - Techniques for Participatory Design
• Smith, Nicola Dawn(2012): Design Charrette: A Vehicle for Consultation or Collaboration
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2013): Places in the Making: How Placemaking Builds Places and Communities

A compilation of methods

• Wates, Nick: The Community Planning Handbook: How people can shape their cities, towns & villages in any part of the world (2nd ed 2014, Routledge)

Further recommended readings and resources:

• Ruggeri, Deni (2004): Crafting Westport, Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, University of California, Berkeley , CA (co-author)
• Woodcraft, Saffron, et al.: Design for Social Sustainability: A Framework for Creating Thriving New Communities
• Salgado, Mariana, et al. (2015): Designing with Immigrants
• Hussain, Sofia, et al. (2012): Participatory Design with Marginalized People in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunties Experienced in a Field Study in Cambodia, International Journal of Design, Vol. 6, No. 2
• Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy - Everyday Future, The MIT Press
• Pritzker Prize winning architect Alejandro Aravena on sustainable design and community involvement in Chile
• D’hondt, Frank (2014): Better Cities for Kosovo: Visioning as Participatory Planning Tool,UN-Habitat report
• Vall, N. (2013): Social engineering and participation in Anglo-Swedish housing 1945–1976: Ralph Erskine's vernacular plan, Planning Perspectives, 28(2), 223-245
• Sanoff, Henry (2010): Democratic Design - Library access only.
• Sanoff, Henry (1999): Community participation methods in design and planning - Library access only.
• de la Pena, David et al(2017): Design and Democracy: Techniques for Collective Creativity Library access only

Communicating a Vision

• Storytelling example from the Scottish Islands

• Online decision making with loomio

• 'Reading the Landscape' by Simon Bell, EMU Tartu

• A toolkit for transforming abandoned spaces through the arts. https://issuu.com/mahatat/docs/toolkit_en._final_issuu

Storytelling theory

• Potteiger, Matthew, and Jamie Purinton. 1998. Landscape narratives: design practices for telling stories. New York: J. Wiley. GoogleBook.

• Lejano, Raul P., Mrill Ingram, and Helen M. Ingram. 2013. The power of narrative in environmental networks. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Case study - Water Square Benthemplein

• Boer, Florian, Jens Jorritsma, and Dirk van Peijpe. 2010. De Urbanisten and the wondrous water square. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. Webpage and Video

Case study - Los Angeles River

• Goldstein, B. E., A. T. Wessells, R. Lejano, and W. Butler. 2015. Narrating Resilience: Transforming Urban Systems Through Collaborative Storytelling. Urban Studies. 52 (7): 1285-1303.
• Friends of the Los Angeles River (FoLAR). Flyer about their activities connected to the river. City walk, environmental education, and other water-related activities could be searched on their websites.
• Brownson, Omar, and Marsh, Emily. Urban Coast 4/1. December 2013. Los Angeles River 3.0: Changing the course of Los Angeles.

Learning democracy theory

• Council of Europe. 2016. Competences for democratic culture: living together as equals in culturally diverse democratic societies.

• Bir̂zeá, Ceśar. 2000. Education for democratic citizenship: a lifelong learning perspective. Strasbourg: Council for Cultural Co-operation of the Council of Europe.

• Brander, Patricia. 2012. Compass: manual for human rights education with young people. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

• Huber, Josef, Pascale Mompoint-Gaillard, and Ildikó Lázár. 2015. TASKs for democracy: 60 activities to learn and assess transversal attitudes, skills and knowledge.

Games in urban planning examples

• BUG project: http://www.decisionproblem.com/bug/bug2.html

• Participatory Chinatown: http://www.participatorychinatown.org

• Stadtspieler: http://www.stadtspieler.com

• Block By Block: http://blockbyblock.org/about

Apps, webpages, toolkits

• Online debate app http://plugins.speakol.com

• CitySwipe App - the fastest way for you to tell us what you like and don't like about your Downtown http://www.dtsmcityswipe.com

• EngagementLab - From playing games, to making media, to running campaigns https://elab.emerson.edu/about

• Participedia - catalogue and compare the performance of participatory political processes https://participedia.net/en/about

• Online toolbox with the most important engagement tools and their descriptions. https://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/do-it/techniquesapproaches